ACCA考试一共有15门科目,其中有一门为Management Accounting(MA),即《管理会计》,今天来解析一下该门科目里的吸收成本法和边际成本法两者的区别与联系。
利润计算方法
①COS:按销量计算,卖掉多少减多少。
吸收成本法下计入产品成本的只有total production cost(fixed production overhead&variable production overhead),当期销售出去的存货成本结转到利润表,即total production cost of sales;
边际成本法下计入产品成本的只有total variable cost(variable production overhead&variable non-production overhead),当期销售出去的存货成本结转到利润表,即total variable cost of sales。
②Under/over absorption:吸收成本法特有的,边际成本法不存在OAR和Under/over absorption。
涉及的计算公式:
Under/over absorption=Actual overhead-Absorbed overhead
Absorbed overhead=OAR*Actual activity level
OAR=Budget production overhead/Budget activity level
③Sales-COS:
吸收成本法下的主营业务收入-主营业务成本叫做Gross profit毛利润;
边际成本法下的主营业务收入-主营业务成本叫做Contribution贡献。
④Period cost:当期发生多少减多少。
吸收成本法下包含total non-production cost;
边际成本法下包含total fixed cost
⑤Valuation of closing inventory:Absorption costing>Marginal costing。
吸收成本法存货计价:Direct material+Direct labour+Variable production overhead+Fixedproduction overhead;
边际成本法存货计价:Direct material+Direct labour+Variable production overhead;
标准成本法中的差异
①Cost variance---fixed production overhead variance
Absorption costing:
A.fixed production overhead total variance=under/over absorbed overhead
B.fixed production overhead expenditure variance=budgeted overhead-actual overhead
C.fixed production overhead volume variance=budgeted units*OAR-actual units*OAR
D.fixed production overhead volume efficiency variance=(budgeted hours at actual output-actual hours)*standard production overhead per hour
E.fixed production overhead variance=(budgeted hours-actual hours)*standard production overhead per hour
Marginal costing:(因为MC法下不存在OAR,所以对于fixed production overhead variance只有expenditure variance)
fixed production overhead expenditure variance=budgeted overhead-actual overhead
②Sales variance---sales volume variance
Absorption costing:sales volume profit variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standardprofit per units
Marginal costing:sales volume profit variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standardcontribution per units
③Operating statement
03联系
利润差公式:MC+OAR*(closing inventory-opening inventory)=AC
注:1.此公式的利润指两种成本核算方法下的净利润,不是contribution和gross profit的比较;
2.Closing inventory-Opening inventory=Production units-Sales units
3.此公式可以用于求OAR=(AC-MC)/(closing inventory-opening inventory)
以上便是吸收成本法(Absorption costing)和边际成本法(Marginal costing)之间的主要差异和联系了,你记住了吗?