在ACCA(F1)中有一个重要的部分叫做:Equal opportunities平等机会。平等机会指的就是对于不同宗教背景,种族背景,年龄,性别,性取向,健康和残疾人都要提供平等公平的工作机会和待遇。其中最重要的就是消除歧视,实现平等机会,今天会计网就跟大家讲解这个考点内容。

ACCA(F1)重要考点有哪些?

  Types of discrimination歧视的种类分为以下几种:

  1. Direct discrimination 直接歧视

  Direct discrimination occurs when one interested group is treated less favourably than another.由于性别,种族,国籍,宗教信仰,年龄的原因,一群人比另一群人更受欢迎。举例:一则招聘启示上写:“只要白人”就是一种对种族的直接歧视;另一则招聘启示上写:“只要男人”就是对女性的直接歧视。

  例题:

  Which of the following would constitute direct discrimination?

  A Setting age limits or ranges in an employment advertisement

  B Offering less favourable terms to workers on flexible hours contracts

  C Using word-of-mouth recruitment in a predominantly male workforce

  (1 mark)

  答案:A

  解析:在退休年龄之前,所有人的工作机会都应该是相等的,有的公司会写只招25-30岁,这就是一种直接歧视,只想要青壮年,歧视其他年龄段的人。BC是歧视,只不过不是直接歧视,而是间接歧视。关于工作时间灵活性设置一些特定的条款是间接歧视了可工作时间不灵活的人,而只在男性市场招工也间接歧视了女性。

  2. Indirect discrimination 间接歧视

  Indirect discrimination occurs when a policy or practice is fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. 虽然使用了统一的标准或者政策,但是实际操作起来是对某一群人不公平的。

  举例:招聘启示上写:“只要身高高于180的人”,虽然没有直接说明不要女性,但实际操作上,身高高于180的大多是男性,也就是不想要女性,属于间接歧视。

  例题:

  A company has placed a job advertisement for a full time employee and a part time employee. The part time employee's terms are less favourable than the full-time employee's terms.

  What type of discrimination is this?

  A Direct discrimination

  B Indirect discrimination

  C Victimisation

  答案:B

  解析:给兼职员工的工资比全职低,实际上是歧视了女性,因为女性因为照顾家庭,更多从事兼职工作。而广告公开说了兼职待遇差一些,但没有直接说明我要对女性待遇差一些,但其实实际上兼职工作女性做的比较多,这是间接歧视。

  3. Victimisation 牺牲品

  Victimisation occurs when a person is penalised for giving information or taking action in pursuit of a claim of discrimination. 当你觉得你受到歧视的时候,去对公司进行投诉,被公司得知后,给你穿小鞋。“枪打出头鸟”。

  举例:公司知道你由于受到歧视起诉了公司,不让你升职加薪,并且把你调到偏远地区。

  4. Harassment 骚扰

  Harassment is the use of threatening, intimidatory, offensive or abusive language or behaviour.包括身体上的和语言上的骚扰,威胁恐吓,冒犯,或者让人觉得不舒服的玩笑/行为/言语。

  例题:

  Members of a religious minority in a workplace are frequently subjected to jokes about their dress and dietary customs, and a bit of name-calling, by non-religious workmates. They find this offensive and hurtful – even though their colleagues say it is 'just a bit of fun'.

  What type of discrimination (if any) would this represent?

  A Victimisation

  B Indirect discrimination

  C Harassment

  (1 mark)

  答案:C

  解析:Harassment是骚扰,比如威胁恐吓,冒犯,或者让人觉得不舒服的玩笑/行为/言语。

  5. Positive discrimination 正面的歧视/积极的歧视

  Actions which give preference to a protected people regardless of genuine suitability and qualification for the job. 偏向小众群体,弱势群体,给他们更多的好处,使他们处于比正常者更好的待遇。这就对大多数人来说是不公平的。也是不好的,是歧视的一种。

  举例:一个公司招聘只要disabled persons,其他人不要。

  例题:

  Which of the following is an example of 'positive discrimination' rather than 'positive action' on equal opportunities?

  A Selecting a certain number of people from ethnic minorities for jobs, regardless of job-relevant selection criteria

  B Using ethnic languages in job advertisements

  C Setting targets for the number of people from ethnic minorities that the organisation would like to see in managerial positions

  (1 mark)

  答案:A

  解析:不考虑与工作相关的岗位要求,从少数民族中选出一部分人上岗,完全没有给其他人机会,这属于偏向小众群体,属于正面的歧视。

  补充知识:

  Positive action:为减少歧视而进行的action。比如:帮助弱势群体,给他们同样的面试机会,而不是把他们拒之门外。这是一种好的action,要区别于positive discrimination。

  来源:ACCA学习帮