在ACCA考试中,“variance analysis”(差异分析)一直作为高频考点出现在各题目里,由于涉及的公式比较多,也使很多考生容易混淆。今天,会计网通过两道经典的案例题,将该知识点进行梳理。

2021年ACCA考试案例题练习

  考试题型1

  A company manufactures a single product L, for which the standard material cost is as follows:

  Material 14kg x $3

  During July,800 units of L were manufactured. 12,000 kg of material were purchased for S33,600,of which 11,500kg were issued to production. SM Co values all inventory at standard cost.

  What are the material price and usage variances for July?

  信息梳理:

  标准材料成本:

  生产一个unit要用14kg原材料,每kg的材料成本为$3,所以生产一个unit的材料成本=14kg/unit*$3/kg=$42/unit;

  实际生产量=800units

  实际原材料采购量=12000kg,实际原材料采购成本=$33600

  代入公式:

  Material price variance=actual purchase/usage*standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg = 12000 * $3 - $33600 = 2400F

  Material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg=(800*14-11500)*$3=900A

  注意:

  计算价差要用实际的原材料采购量

  计算出来的实际值小于预计值,说明实际成本更低,对企业利润有利,是favourable variance,反之则是adverse variance

  以上是第一种考试类型,给出条件要求计算出相应的variance,接下来看第二种考试类型

  考试题型2

  There are some information of Gaodun Co as follws.

  Material price variance:$5,600Favourable

  Material usage variance:$1,800Adverse

  Actual purchases:1,600kg

  Total costs:$60,800

  What was the standard material price per kg(to the nearest $0.01)?

  信息梳理:

  这个题目已经把price variance和usage variance给出来了,同时还给出了实际原材料采购量+1600kg和采购原材料花费的实际成本=$60800.

  要求计算standard material price per kg,很多同学会不确定究竟是用price variance,usage variance还是用它们加总之后的total variance来计算,那首先我们从题目要求来判断,题目要计算的是每kg的材料成本,那么根据total variance的公式,我们只能求出每个unit的材料成本,要得到每kg的材料成本就要知道

  每个unit用多少原材料,但是题目并没有给到这个条件,所以基本排除用total variance反求的情况. 那接下来,不妨把price variance和usage variance的公式写出来。

  公式:

  material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg

  material price variance=actual purchase / usage * standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg

  可以发现,两个公式都涉及standard price per kg,但是在usage variance中,还缺少actual production unit这个条件,所以利用usage variance是无法求得 standard price per kg的,那就只能用price variance

  代入公式:

  5600F=1600*standard price per kg-60800,注意差异是favourable的,说明实际值小于预计值,那么1600*standard price per kg-60800=5600

  解出standard price per kg=$41.50/kg

  综上可以发现,在variable cost variance的相关题目中,同学除了要对公式很熟悉以外,做题的时候还要特别注意单位,那么之后无论是正算variance还是反求其中的单位成本,unit等,都可以很容易把分拿到。

  来源:ACCA学习帮